diff --git a/packages/frontend/src/components/MkImageEffectorDialog.vue b/packages/frontend/src/components/MkImageEffectorDialog.vue
index ffaa0d3735..b6bcb0b187 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/src/components/MkImageEffectorDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/frontend/src/components/MkImageEffectorDialog.vue
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { ref, useTemplateRef, watch, onMounted, onUnmounted, reactive } from 'vue';
 import { v4 as uuid } from 'uuid';
-import type { WatermarkPreset } from '@/utility/watermark.js';
 import type { ImageEffectorLayer } from '@/utility/image-effector/ImageEffector.js';
 import { i18n } from '@/i18n.js';
 import { ImageEffector } from '@/utility/image-effector/ImageEffector.js';
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ const layers = reactive<ImageEffectorLayer[]>([]);
 
 watch(layers, async () => {
 	if (renderer != null) {
-		renderer.updateLayers(layers);
+		renderer.setLayers(layers);
 	}
 }, { deep: true });
 
@@ -111,18 +110,19 @@ const canvasEl = useTemplateRef('canvasEl');
 let renderer: ImageEffector | null = null;
 
 onMounted(async () => {
+	if (canvasEl.value == null) return;
+
 	renderer = new ImageEffector({
 		canvas: canvasEl.value,
-		width: props.image.width,
-		height: props.image.height,
-		layers: layers,
-		originalImage: props.image,
+		renderWidth: props.image.width,
+		renderHeight: props.image.height,
+		image: props.image,
 		fxs: FXS,
 	});
 
-	await renderer!.bakeTextures();
+	await renderer.setLayers(layers);
 
-	renderer!.render();
+	renderer.render();
 });
 
 onUnmounted(() => {
@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ const enabled = ref(true);
 watch(enabled, () => {
 	if (renderer != null) {
 		if (enabled.value) {
-			renderer.updateLayers(layers);
+			renderer.setLayers(layers);
 		} else {
-			renderer.updateLayers([]);
+			renderer.setLayers([]);
 		}
 		renderer.render();
 	}
diff --git a/packages/frontend/src/components/MkUploaderDialog.vue b/packages/frontend/src/components/MkUploaderDialog.vue
index 48782e0e2e..ff3a1a806c 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/src/components/MkUploaderDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/frontend/src/components/MkUploaderDialog.vue
@@ -96,9 +96,7 @@ import { isWebpSupported } from '@/utility/isWebpSupported.js';
 import { uploadFile, UploadAbortedError } from '@/utility/drive.js';
 import * as os from '@/os.js';
 import { ensureSignin } from '@/i.js';
-import { ImageEffector } from '@/utility/image-effector/ImageEffector.js';
-import { makeImageEffectorLayers } from '@/utility/watermark.js';
-import { FX_watermarkPlacement } from '@/utility/image-effector/fxs/watermarkPlacement.js';
+import { WatermarkRenderer } from '@/utility/watermark.js';
 
 const $i = ensureSignin();
 
@@ -522,16 +520,14 @@ async function preprocess(item: (typeof items)['value'][number]): Promise<void>
 	const preset = prefer.s.watermarkPresets.find(p => p.id === item.watermarkPresetId);
 	if (needsWatermark && preset != null) {
 		const canvas = window.document.createElement('canvas');
-		const renderer = new ImageEffector({
+		const renderer = new WatermarkRenderer({
 			canvas: canvas,
-			width: img.width,
-			height: img.height,
-			layers: makeImageEffectorLayers(preset.layers),
-			originalImage: img,
-			fxs: [FX_watermarkPlacement],
+			renderWidth: img.width,
+			renderHeight: img.height,
+			image: img,
 		});
 
-		await renderer.bakeTextures();
+		await renderer.setLayers(preset.layers);
 
 		renderer.render();
 
@@ -541,6 +537,7 @@ async function preprocess(item: (typeof items)['value'][number]): Promise<void>
 					throw new Error('Failed to convert canvas to blob');
 				}
 				resolve(blob);
+				renderer.destroy();
 			}, 'image/png');
 		});
 	}
diff --git a/packages/frontend/src/components/MkWatermarkEditorDialog.vue b/packages/frontend/src/components/MkWatermarkEditorDialog.vue
index 5434b80b66..96ed1ac0df 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/src/components/MkWatermarkEditorDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/frontend/src/components/MkWatermarkEditorDialog.vue
@@ -47,10 +47,8 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { ref, useTemplateRef, watch, onMounted, onUnmounted, reactive } from 'vue';
 import { v4 as uuid } from 'uuid';
-import type { WatermarkPreset } from '@/utility/watermark.js';
-import { makeImageEffectorLayers } from '@/utility/watermark.js';
+import { WatermarkRenderer } from '@/utility/watermark.js';
 import { i18n } from '@/i18n.js';
-import { ImageEffector } from '@/utility/image-effector/ImageEffector.js';
 import MkModalWindow from '@/components/MkModalWindow.vue';
 import MkSelect from '@/components/MkSelect.vue';
 import MkButton from '@/components/MkButton.vue';
@@ -59,7 +57,6 @@ import XLayer from '@/components/MkWatermarkEditorDialog.Layer.vue';
 import * as os from '@/os.js';
 import { deepClone } from '@/utility/clone.js';
 import { ensureSignin } from '@/i.js';
-import { FX_watermarkPlacement } from '@/utility/image-effector/fxs/watermarkPlacement.js';
 
 const $i = ensureSignin();
 
@@ -122,7 +119,7 @@ watch(type, () => {
 
 watch(preset, async (newValue, oldValue) => {
 	if (renderer != null) {
-		renderer.updateLayers(makeImageEffectorLayers(preset.layers));
+		renderer.setLayers(preset.layers);
 	}
 }, { deep: true });
 
@@ -149,32 +146,28 @@ watch(sampleImageType, async () => {
 	}
 });
 
-let renderer: ImageEffector | null = null;
+let renderer: WatermarkRenderer | null = null;
 
 async function initRenderer() {
 	if (canvasEl.value == null) return;
 
 	if (sampleImageType.value === '3_2') {
-		renderer = new ImageEffector({
+		renderer = new WatermarkRenderer({
 			canvas: canvasEl.value,
-			width: 1500,
-			height: 1000,
-			layers: makeImageEffectorLayers(preset.layers),
-			originalImage: sampleImage_3_2,
-			fxs: [FX_watermarkPlacement],
+			renderWidth: 1500,
+			renderHeight: 1000,
+			image: sampleImage_3_2,
 		});
 	} else if (sampleImageType.value === '2_3') {
-		renderer = new ImageEffector({
+		renderer = new WatermarkRenderer({
 			canvas: canvasEl.value,
-			width: 1000,
-			height: 1500,
-			layers: makeImageEffectorLayers(preset.layers),
-			originalImage: sampleImage_2_3,
-			fxs: [FX_watermarkPlacement],
+			renderWidth: 1000,
+			renderHeight: 1500,
+			image: sampleImage_2_3,
 		});
 	}
 
-	await renderer!.bakeTextures();
+	await renderer!.setLayers(preset.layers);
 
 	renderer!.render();
 }
diff --git a/packages/frontend/src/pages/settings/drive.WatermarkItem.vue b/packages/frontend/src/pages/settings/drive.WatermarkItem.vue
index 7c8b2c3f79..f1cbb17236 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/src/pages/settings/drive.WatermarkItem.vue
+++ b/packages/frontend/src/pages/settings/drive.WatermarkItem.vue
@@ -23,14 +23,12 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
 <script lang="ts" setup>
 import { defineAsyncComponent, onMounted, onUnmounted, ref, useTemplateRef, watch } from 'vue';
 import type { WatermarkPreset } from '@/utility/watermark.js';
-import { makeImageEffectorLayers } from '@/utility/watermark.js';
+import { WatermarkRenderer } from '@/utility/watermark.js';
 import MkButton from '@/components/MkButton.vue';
 import * as os from '@/os.js';
 import { i18n } from '@/i18n.js';
 import { deepClone } from '@/utility/clone.js';
 import MkFolder from '@/components/MkFolder.vue';
-import { ImageEffector } from '@/utility/image-effector/ImageEffector.js';
-import { FX_watermarkPlacement } from '@/utility/image-effector/fxs/watermarkPlacement.js';
 
 const props = defineProps<{
 	preset: WatermarkPreset;
@@ -66,23 +64,21 @@ const canvasEl = useTemplateRef('canvasEl');
 const sampleImage = new Image();
 sampleImage.src = '/client-assets/sample/3-2.jpg';
 
-let renderer: ImageEffector | null = null;
+let renderer: WatermarkRenderer | null = null;
 
 onMounted(() => {
 	sampleImage.onload = async () => {
 		watch(canvasEl, async () => {
 			if (canvasEl.value == null) return;
 
-			renderer = new ImageEffector({
+			renderer = new WatermarkRenderer({
 				canvas: canvasEl.value,
-				width: 1500,
-				height: 1000,
-				layers: makeImageEffectorLayers(props.preset.layers),
-				originalImage: sampleImage,
-				fxs: [FX_watermarkPlacement],
+				renderWidth: 1500,
+				renderHeight: 1000,
+				image: sampleImage,
 			});
 
-			await renderer.bakeTextures();
+			await renderer.setLayers(props.preset.layers);
 
 			renderer.render();
 		}, { immediate: true });
@@ -98,8 +94,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
 
 watch(() => props.preset, async () => {
 	if (renderer != null) {
-		renderer.updateLayers(makeImageEffectorLayers(props.preset.layers));
-		await renderer.bakeTextures();
+		await renderer.setLayers(props.preset.layers);
 		renderer.render();
 	}
 }, { deep: true });
diff --git a/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/ImageEffector.ts b/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/ImageEffector.ts
index c75a0270b0..7c77fe86f8 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/ImageEffector.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/ImageEffector.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
  */
 
-import { getProxiedImageUrl } from '../media-proxy.js';
+import { createTexture } from './utilts.js';
 
 type ParamTypeToPrimitive = {
 	'number': number;
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ type ParamTypeToPrimitive = {
 	'boolean': boolean;
 	'align': { x: 'left' | 'center' | 'right'; y: 'top' | 'center' | 'bottom'; };
 	'seed': number;
+	'texture': string | null;
 };
 
 type ImageEffectorFxParamDefs = Record<string, {
@@ -22,26 +23,27 @@ export function defineImageEffectorFx<ID extends string, P extends ImageEffector
 	return fx;
 }
 
-export type ImageEffectorFx<ID extends string = string, P extends ImageEffectorFxParamDefs = any, U extends string[] = string[]> = {
+export type ImageEffectorFx<ID extends string = string, PS extends ImageEffectorFxParamDefs = any, US extends string[] = string[], TS extends string[] = string[]> = {
 	id: ID;
 	name: string;
 	shader: string;
-	uniforms: U;
-	params: P,
+	uniforms: US;
+	params: PS,
+	textures?: TS;
 	main: (ctx: {
 		gl: WebGL2RenderingContext;
 		program: WebGLProgram;
 		params: {
-			[key in keyof P]: ParamTypeToPrimitive[P[key]['type']];
+			[key in keyof PS]: ParamTypeToPrimitive[PS[key]['type']];
 		};
-		u: Record<U[number], WebGLUniformLocation>;
+		u: Record<US[number], WebGLUniformLocation>;
 		width: number;
 		height: number;
-		watermark?: {
+		textures: Record<TS[number], {
 			texture: WebGLTexture;
 			width: number;
 			height: number;
-		};
+		} | null>;
 	}) => void;
 };
 
@@ -49,54 +51,54 @@ export type ImageEffectorLayer = {
 	id: string;
 	fxId: string;
 	params: Record<string, any>;
-
-	// for watermarkPlacement fx
-	imageUrl?: string | null;
-	text?: string | null;
+	textures?: Record<string, ExternalTextureId | null>;
 };
 
+type ExternalTextureId = string;
+
 export class ImageEffector {
+	public gl: WebGL2RenderingContext;
 	private canvas: HTMLCanvasElement | null = null;
-	private gl: WebGL2RenderingContext | null = null;
 	private renderTextureProgram!: WebGLProgram;
 	private renderInvertedTextureProgram!: WebGLProgram;
 	private renderWidth!: number;
 	private renderHeight!: number;
 	private originalImage: ImageData | ImageBitmap | HTMLImageElement | HTMLCanvasElement;
-	private layers: ImageEffectorLayer[];
+	private layers: ImageEffectorLayer[] = [];
 	private originalImageTexture: WebGLTexture;
-	private bakedTexturesForWatermarkFx: Map<string, { texture: WebGLTexture; width: number; height: number; }> = new Map();
-	private texturesKey: string;
 	private shaderCache: Map<string, WebGLProgram> = new Map();
 	private perLayerResultTextures: Map<string, WebGLTexture> = new Map();
 	private perLayerResultFrameBuffers: Map<string, WebGLFramebuffer> = new Map();
 	private fxs: ImageEffectorFx[];
+	private externalTextures: Map<ExternalTextureId, { texture: WebGLTexture; width: number; height: number; }> = new Map();
 
 	constructor(options: {
 		canvas: HTMLCanvasElement;
-		width: number;
-		height: number;
-		originalImage: ImageData | ImageBitmap | HTMLImageElement | HTMLCanvasElement;
-		layers: ImageEffectorLayer[];
+		renderWidth: number;
+		renderHeight: number;
+		image: ImageData | ImageBitmap | HTMLImageElement | HTMLCanvasElement;
 		fxs: ImageEffectorFx[];
 	}) {
 		this.canvas = options.canvas;
-		this.canvas.width = options.width;
-		this.canvas.height = options.height;
-		this.renderWidth = options.width;
-		this.renderHeight = options.height;
-		this.originalImage = options.originalImage;
-		this.layers = options.layers;
+		this.renderWidth = options.renderWidth;
+		this.renderHeight = options.renderHeight;
+		this.originalImage = options.image;
 		this.fxs = options.fxs;
-		this.texturesKey = this.calcTexturesKey();
 
-		this.gl = this.canvas.getContext('webgl2', {
+		this.canvas.width = this.renderWidth;
+		this.canvas.height = this.renderHeight;
+
+		const gl = this.canvas.getContext('webgl2', {
 			preserveDrawingBuffer: false,
 			alpha: true,
 			premultipliedAlpha: false,
-		})!;
+		});
 
-		const gl = this.gl;
+		if (gl == null) {
+			throw new Error('Failed to initialize WebGL2 context');
+		}
+
+		this.gl = gl;
 
 		gl.viewport(0, 0, gl.drawingBufferWidth, gl.drawingBufferHeight);
 
@@ -105,10 +107,10 @@ export class ImageEffector {
 		gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexBuffer);
 		gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, VERTICES, gl.STATIC_DRAW);
 
-		this.originalImageTexture = this.createTexture();
+		this.originalImageTexture = createTexture(gl);
 		gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0);
 		gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, this.originalImageTexture);
-		gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, options.width, options.height, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, this.originalImage);
+		gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, this.originalImage.width, this.originalImage.height, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, this.originalImage);
 		gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, null);
 
 		this.renderTextureProgram = this.initShaderProgram(`#version 300 es
@@ -153,119 +155,8 @@ export class ImageEffector {
 		`)!;
 	}
 
-	private calcTexturesKey() {
-		return this.layers.map(layer => {
-			if (layer.fxId === 'watermarkPlacement' && layer.imageUrl != null) {
-				return layer.imageUrl;
-			} else if (layer.fxId === 'watermarkPlacement' && layer.text != null) {
-				return layer.text;
-			}
-			return '';
-		}).join(';');
-	}
-
-	private createTexture(): WebGLTexture {
-		const gl = this.gl!;
-		const texture = gl.createTexture();
-		gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
-		gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl.REPEAT);
-		gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl.REPEAT);
-		gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
-		gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
-		gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, null);
-		return texture!;
-	}
-
-	public disposeBakedTextures() {
-		const gl = this.gl;
-		if (gl == null) {
-			throw new Error('gl is not initialized');
-		}
-
-		for (const bakedTexture of this.bakedTexturesForWatermarkFx.values()) {
-			gl.deleteTexture(bakedTexture.texture);
-		}
-		this.bakedTexturesForWatermarkFx.clear();
-	}
-
-	public async bakeTextures() {
-		const gl = this.gl;
-		if (gl == null) {
-			throw new Error('gl is not initialized');
-		}
-
-		console.log('baking textures', this.texturesKey);
-
-		this.disposeBakedTextures();
-
-		for (const layer of this.layers) {
-			if (layer.fxId === 'watermarkPlacement' && layer.imageUrl != null) {
-				const image = await new Promise<HTMLImageElement>((resolve, reject) => {
-					const img = new Image();
-					img.onload = () => resolve(img);
-					img.onerror = reject;
-					img.src = getProxiedImageUrl(layer.imageUrl); // CORS対策
-				});
-
-				const texture = this.createTexture();
-				gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0);
-				gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
-				gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, image.width, image.height, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
-				gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, null);
-
-				this.bakedTexturesForWatermarkFx.set(layer.id, {
-					texture: texture,
-					width: image.width,
-					height: image.height,
-				});
-			} else if (layer.fxId === 'watermarkPlacement' && layer.text != null) {
-				const measureCtx = window.document.createElement('canvas').getContext('2d')!;
-				measureCtx.canvas.width = this.renderWidth;
-				measureCtx.canvas.height = this.renderHeight;
-				const fontSize = Math.min(this.renderWidth, this.renderHeight) / 20;
-				const margin = Math.min(this.renderWidth, this.renderHeight) / 50;
-				measureCtx.font = `bold ${fontSize}px sans-serif`;
-				const textMetrics = measureCtx.measureText(layer.text);
-				measureCtx.canvas.remove();
-
-				const RESOLUTION_FACTOR = 4;
-
-				const textCtx = window.document.createElement('canvas').getContext('2d')!;
-				textCtx.canvas.width = (Math.ceil(textMetrics.actualBoundingBoxRight + textMetrics.actualBoundingBoxLeft) + margin + margin) * RESOLUTION_FACTOR;
-				textCtx.canvas.height = (Math.ceil(textMetrics.actualBoundingBoxAscent + textMetrics.actualBoundingBoxDescent) + margin + margin) * RESOLUTION_FACTOR;
-
-				//textCtx.fillStyle = '#00ff00';
-				//textCtx.fillRect(0, 0, textCtx.canvas.width, textCtx.canvas.height);
-
-				textCtx.shadowColor = '#000000';
-				textCtx.shadowBlur = 10 * RESOLUTION_FACTOR;
-
-				textCtx.fillStyle = '#ffffff';
-				textCtx.font = `bold ${fontSize * RESOLUTION_FACTOR}px sans-serif`;
-				textCtx.textBaseline = 'middle';
-				textCtx.textAlign = 'center';
-
-				textCtx.fillText(layer.text, textCtx.canvas.width / 2, textCtx.canvas.height / 2);
-
-				const texture = this.createTexture();
-				gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0);
-				gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
-				gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, textCtx.canvas.width, textCtx.canvas.height, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, textCtx.canvas);
-				gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, null);
-
-				this.bakedTexturesForWatermarkFx.set(layer.id, {
-					texture: texture,
-					width: textCtx.canvas.width,
-					height: textCtx.canvas.height,
-				});
-
-				textCtx.canvas.remove();
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	public loadShader(type, source) {
-		const gl = this.gl!;
+		const gl = this.gl;
 
 		const shader = gl.createShader(type)!;
 
@@ -284,7 +175,7 @@ export class ImageEffector {
 	}
 
 	public initShaderProgram(vsSource, fsSource): WebGLProgram {
-		const gl = this.gl!;
+		const gl = this.gl;
 
 		const vertexShader = this.loadShader(gl.VERTEX_SHADER, vsSource)!;
 		const fragmentShader = this.loadShader(gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER, fsSource)!;
@@ -308,15 +199,10 @@ export class ImageEffector {
 
 	private renderLayer(layer: ImageEffectorLayer, preTexture: WebGLTexture) {
 		const gl = this.gl;
-		if (gl == null) {
-			throw new Error('gl is not initialized');
-		}
 
 		const fx = this.fxs.find(fx => fx.id === layer.fxId);
 		if (fx == null) return;
 
-		const watermark = layer.fxId === 'watermarkPlacement' ? this.bakedTexturesForWatermarkFx.get(layer.id) : undefined;
-
 		const cachedShader = this.shaderCache.get(fx.id);
 		const shaderProgram = cachedShader ?? this.initShaderProgram(`#version 300 es
 			in vec2 position;
@@ -352,7 +238,13 @@ export class ImageEffector {
 			u: Object.fromEntries(fx.uniforms.map(u => [u, gl.getUniformLocation(shaderProgram, 'u_' + u)!])),
 			width: this.renderWidth,
 			height: this.renderHeight,
-			watermark: watermark,
+			textures: Object.fromEntries(
+				Object.entries(layer.textures ?? {}).map(([key, textureId]) => {
+					if (textureId == null) return [key, null];
+					const externalTexture = this.externalTextures.get(textureId);
+					if (externalTexture == null) return [key, null];
+					return [key, externalTexture];
+				})),
 		});
 
 		gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
@@ -360,9 +252,6 @@ export class ImageEffector {
 
 	public render() {
 		const gl = this.gl;
-		if (gl == null) {
-			throw new Error('gl is not initialized');
-		}
 
 		{
 			gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0);
@@ -386,7 +275,7 @@ export class ImageEffector {
 
 		for (const layer of this.layers) {
 			const cachedResultTexture = this.perLayerResultTextures.get(layer.id);
-			const resultTexture = cachedResultTexture ?? this.createTexture();
+			const resultTexture = cachedResultTexture ?? createTexture(gl);
 			if (cachedResultTexture == null) {
 				this.perLayerResultTextures.set(layer.id, resultTexture);
 			}
@@ -420,42 +309,41 @@ export class ImageEffector {
 		gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
 	}
 
-	public async updateLayers(layers: ImageEffectorLayer[]) {
+	public async setLayers(layers: ImageEffectorLayer[]) {
 		this.layers = layers;
-
-		const newTexturesKey = this.calcTexturesKey();
-		if (newTexturesKey !== this.texturesKey) {
-			this.texturesKey = newTexturesKey;
-			await this.bakeTextures();
-		}
-
 		this.render();
 	}
 
-	public destroy() {
-		const gl = this.gl;
-		if (gl == null) {
-			throw new Error('gl is not initialized');
-		}
+	public registerExternalTexture(id: string, texture: WebGLTexture, width: number, height: number) {
+		this.externalTextures.set(id, { texture, width, height });
+	}
 
+	public disposeExternalTextures() {
+		for (const bakedTexture of this.externalTextures.values()) {
+			this.gl.deleteTexture(bakedTexture.texture);
+		}
+		this.externalTextures.clear();
+	}
+
+	public destroy() {
 		for (const shader of this.shaderCache.values()) {
-			gl.deleteProgram(shader);
+			this.gl.deleteProgram(shader);
 		}
 		this.shaderCache.clear();
 
 		for (const texture of this.perLayerResultTextures.values()) {
-			gl.deleteTexture(texture);
+			this.gl.deleteTexture(texture);
 		}
 		this.perLayerResultTextures.clear();
 
 		for (const framebuffer of this.perLayerResultFrameBuffers.values()) {
-			gl.deleteFramebuffer(framebuffer);
+			this.gl.deleteFramebuffer(framebuffer);
 		}
 		this.perLayerResultFrameBuffers.clear();
 
-		this.disposeBakedTextures();
-		gl.deleteProgram(this.renderTextureProgram);
-		gl.deleteProgram(this.renderInvertedTextureProgram);
-		gl.deleteTexture(this.originalImageTexture);
+		this.disposeExternalTextures();
+		this.gl.deleteProgram(this.renderTextureProgram);
+		this.gl.deleteProgram(this.renderInvertedTextureProgram);
+		this.gl.deleteTexture(this.originalImageTexture);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/fxs/watermarkPlacement.ts b/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/fxs/watermarkPlacement.ts
index 5603b45d4b..866878f227 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/fxs/watermarkPlacement.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/fxs/watermarkPlacement.ts
@@ -99,16 +99,17 @@ export const FX_watermarkPlacement = defineImageEffectorFx({
 			step: 0.01,
 		},
 	},
-	main: ({ gl, u, params, watermark }) => {
-		if (watermark == null) {
+	textures: ['watermark'] as const,
+	main: ({ gl, u, params, textures }) => {
+		if (textures.watermark == null) {
 			return;
 		}
 
 		gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE1);
-		gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, watermark.texture);
+		gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, textures.watermark.texture);
 		gl.uniform1i(u.texture_watermark, 1);
 
-		gl.uniform2fv(u.resolution_watermark, [watermark.width, watermark.height]);
+		gl.uniform2fv(u.resolution_watermark, [textures.watermark.width, textures.watermark.height]);
 		gl.uniform1f(u.scale, params.scale);
 		gl.uniform1f(u.opacity, params.opacity);
 		gl.uniform1f(u.angle, 0.0);
diff --git a/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/fxs/zoomLines.ts b/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/fxs/zoomLines.ts
index d33c2f0c8d..8149f2173f 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/fxs/zoomLines.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/fxs/zoomLines.ts
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ export const FX_zoomLines = defineImageEffectorFx({
 		},
 		threshold: {
 			type: 'number' as const,
-			default: 0.5,
+			default: 0.8,
 			min: 0.0,
 			max: 1.0,
 			step: 0.01,
diff --git a/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/utilts.ts b/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/utilts.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..064e4deeb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/frontend/src/utility/image-effector/utilts.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: syuilo and misskey-project
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
+ */
+
+import { getProxiedImageUrl } from '../media-proxy.js';
+
+export function createTexture(gl: WebGL2RenderingContext): WebGLTexture {
+	const texture = gl.createTexture();
+	gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+	gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl.REPEAT);
+	gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl.REPEAT);
+	gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
+	gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
+	gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, null);
+	return texture;
+}
+
+export async function createTextureFromUrl(gl: WebGL2RenderingContext, imageUrl: string): Promise<{ texture: WebGLTexture, width: number, height: number }> {
+	const image = await new Promise<HTMLImageElement>((resolve, reject) => {
+		const img = new Image();
+		img.onload = () => resolve(img);
+		img.onerror = reject;
+		img.src = getProxiedImageUrl(imageUrl); // CORS対策
+	});
+
+	const texture = createTexture(gl);
+	gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0);
+	gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+	gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, image.width, image.height, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
+	gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, null);
+
+	return {
+		texture,
+		width: image.width,
+		height: image.height,
+	};
+}
+
+export async function createTextureFromText(gl: WebGL2RenderingContext, text: string, resolution = 2048): Promise<{ texture: WebGLTexture, width: number, height: number }> {
+	const ctx = window.document.createElement('canvas').getContext('2d')!;
+	ctx.canvas.width = resolution;
+	ctx.canvas.height = resolution / 4;
+	const fontSize = resolution / 32;
+	const margin = fontSize / 2;
+	ctx.shadowColor = '#000000';
+	ctx.shadowBlur = fontSize / 4;
+
+	//ctx.fillStyle = '#00ff00';
+	//ctx.fillRect(0, 0, ctx.canvas.width, ctx.canvas.height);
+
+	ctx.fillStyle = '#ffffff';
+	ctx.font = `bold ${fontSize}px sans-serif`;
+	ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
+
+	ctx.fillText(text, margin, ctx.canvas.height / 2);
+
+	const textMetrics = ctx.measureText(text);
+	const cropWidth = (Math.ceil(textMetrics.actualBoundingBoxRight + textMetrics.actualBoundingBoxLeft) + margin + margin);
+	const cropHeight = (Math.ceil(textMetrics.actualBoundingBoxAscent + textMetrics.actualBoundingBoxDescent) + margin + margin);
+	const data = ctx.getImageData(0, (ctx.canvas.height / 2) - (cropHeight / 2), ctx.canvas.width, ctx.canvas.height);
+
+	const texture = createTexture(gl);
+	gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0);
+	gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+	gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, cropWidth, cropHeight, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
+	gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, null);
+
+	const info = {
+		texture: texture,
+		width: cropWidth,
+		height: cropHeight,
+	};
+
+	ctx.canvas.remove();
+
+	return info;
+}
diff --git a/packages/frontend/src/utility/watermark.ts b/packages/frontend/src/utility/watermark.ts
index caf947ebae..6871ca3676 100644
--- a/packages/frontend/src/utility/watermark.ts
+++ b/packages/frontend/src/utility/watermark.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
  */
 
+import { FX_watermarkPlacement } from './image-effector/fxs/watermarkPlacement.js';
+import { createTextureFromText, createTextureFromUrl } from './image-effector/utilts.js';
 import type { ImageEffectorLayer } from '@/utility/image-effector/ImageEffector.js';
+import { ImageEffector } from '@/utility/image-effector/ImageEffector.js';
 
 export type WatermarkPreset = {
 	id: string;
@@ -29,36 +32,101 @@ export type WatermarkPreset = {
 	})[];
 };
 
-export function makeImageEffectorLayers(layers: WatermarkPreset['layers']): ImageEffectorLayer[] {
-	return layers.map(layer => {
-		if (layer.type === 'text') {
-			return {
-				fxId: 'watermarkPlacement',
-				id: layer.id,
-				params: {
-					repeat: layer.repeat,
-					scale: layer.scale,
-					align: layer.align,
-					opacity: layer.opacity,
-					cover: false,
-				},
-				text: layer.text,
-				imageUrl: null,
-			};
-		} else {
-			return {
-				fxId: 'watermarkPlacement',
-				id: layer.id,
-				params: {
-					repeat: layer.repeat,
-					scale: layer.scale,
-					align: layer.align,
-					opacity: layer.opacity,
-					cover: layer.cover,
-				},
-				text: null,
-				imageUrl: layer.imageUrl ?? null,
-			};
+export class WatermarkRenderer {
+	private effector: ImageEffector;
+	private layers: WatermarkPreset['layers'] = [];
+	private texturesKey = '';
+
+	constructor(options: {
+		canvas: HTMLCanvasElement,
+		renderWidth: number,
+		renderHeight: number,
+		image: HTMLImageElement,
+	}) {
+		this.effector = new ImageEffector({
+			canvas: options.canvas,
+			renderWidth: options.renderWidth,
+			renderHeight: options.renderHeight,
+			image: options.image,
+			fxs: [FX_watermarkPlacement],
+		});
+	}
+
+	private calcTexturesKey() {
+		return this.layers.map(layer => {
+			if (layer.type === 'image' && layer.imageUrl != null) {
+				return layer.imageUrl;
+			} else if (layer.type === 'text' && layer.text != null) {
+				return layer.text;
+			}
+			return '';
+		}).join(';');
+	}
+
+	private async bakeTextures(): Promise<void> {
+		this.effector.disposeExternalTextures();
+		for (const layer of this.layers) {
+			if (layer.type === 'text' && layer.text != null) {
+				const { texture, width, height } = await createTextureFromText(this.effector.gl, layer.text);
+				this.effector.registerExternalTexture(layer.id, texture, width, height);
+			} else if (layer.type === 'image' && layer.imageUrl != null) {
+				const { texture, width, height } = await createTextureFromUrl(this.effector.gl, layer.imageUrl);
+				this.effector.registerExternalTexture(layer.id, texture, width, height);
+			}
 		}
-	});
+	}
+
+	private makeImageEffectorLayers(): ImageEffectorLayer[] {
+		return this.layers.map(layer => {
+			if (layer.type === 'text') {
+				return {
+					fxId: 'watermarkPlacement',
+					id: layer.id,
+					params: {
+						repeat: layer.repeat,
+						scale: layer.scale,
+						align: layer.align,
+						opacity: layer.opacity,
+						cover: false,
+					},
+					textures: { watermark: layer.id },
+				};
+			} else {
+				return {
+					fxId: 'watermarkPlacement',
+					id: layer.id,
+					params: {
+						repeat: layer.repeat,
+						scale: layer.scale,
+						align: layer.align,
+						opacity: layer.opacity,
+						cover: layer.cover,
+					},
+					textures: { watermark: layer.id },
+				};
+			}
+		});
+	}
+
+	public async setLayers(layers: WatermarkPreset['layers']) {
+		this.layers = layers;
+
+		const newTexturesKey = this.calcTexturesKey();
+		if (newTexturesKey !== this.texturesKey) {
+			this.texturesKey = newTexturesKey;
+			await this.bakeTextures();
+		}
+
+		this.effector.setLayers(this.makeImageEffectorLayers());
+
+		this.render();
+	}
+
+	public render(): void {
+		this.effector.render();
+	}
+
+	public destroy(): void {
+		this.effector.destroy();
+	}
 }